Dardanelles Campaign fails – humiliation for Allies

Dardanelles Campaign fails – humiliation for Allies

The campaign which ended temporarily the ministerial career of Winston Churchill, in autumn 1915 was a particularly poignant event for many local families. The harsh and unforgiving climate and terrain of the Gallipoli Peninsular frustrated the Allies (Britain and France), much as the hostile terrain of Afghanistan today allows a small and irregular group of dissidents to cause significant difficulties at a heavy cost for a much larger and sophisticated foreign alliance.

Much more so in Gallipoli, where the opponent was a well-trained and reasonably well-equipped adversary, assisted by German advisors who had been active in training the Turkish Army for many years before the war began. Heavy losses at the southern tip of the peninsular were incurred in April and June, 1915 with further losses in August as the Allies tried to get around the Turkish defenders ensconced on the high ground that ran down the centre of the narrow isthmus guarding the access to the sea of Marmora and the prize of Constantinople. Capturing this capital city of the decaying Ottoman Empire was seen as the way to knock Turkey out of the war and gain access to Russia for supply and reinforcement of the beleaguered Tsarist Armies. By September the position was hopeless but it was another four months before the allied governments admitted defeat and organised an ignominious, if brilliantly executed withdrawal at virtually no cost in terms of soldiers’ lives but enormous damage to the reputations of the two greatest imperial nations of the day.

A failed naval assault in March, 1915 was followed by what is often called a ‘reinforcement of failure’ – the forced landings onto the peninsular. The local population in Tynemouth saw many men killed and wounded in the fearful conditions of heat and a bare landscape offering little protection against enemy fire. The campaign also saw the near destruction of the Collingwood Battalion of the Royal Naval Division (RND) on the Fourth of June, 1915. Only reformed after most of its men were interned in Holland in October, 1914 at Antwerp, the battalion was put into action for the first time on 4^th June, 1915 and suffered 75% casualties, with over 300 men killed including 18 of its officers, of whom, only two survived and both wounded and put out of action. Major General Paris, commander of the division felt he had no option in the field but to disband the Collingwood and reallocate its survivors to other battalions in the second brigade of the RND.

The next in our series of talks will be at the Low Lights Tavern and will take place at 7.30pm on Tuesday 21^st August, 2013, and will feature the origins and deployment of the Royal Naval Division.

Tickets – Free – can be obtained from the Low Lights Tavern, Keel Row Bookshop, Fenwick Terrace, Preston Road and the Project workroom.

Project prepares for a busy year ahead

Project prepares for a busy year ahead

Few people can have failed to notice the upsurge in media coverage of the government’s plans for the marking of the forthcoming centenary of the Great War, which will be commemorated at key dates over the four anniversary years of the conflict.

Here in North Tyneside we are launching our commemorations with a series of lectures beginning on 9^th October, 2013 at Northumbria University, where, in conjunction with the History Department, we will welcome Professor Sir Hew Strachan, a member of the government’s commemorations working party, who will deliver the first lecture. As perhaps the leading authority on the history of the conflict alive today we are delighted to have him to launch the programme. Further lectures will follow at monthly intervals – full details on our website. www.tynemouthworldwarone.org

The project has a number of outreach activities and these have been enhanced recently by the decision of Norham High School to dedicate a week of study to the war in all its aspects for students from certain year groups, in the autumn term of 2013. We will be working with the school to deliver a programme which puts the war into the context of North Shields - the area in which many of Norham’s pupils live today – in some cases in the houses of men who died.

Local playwright Peter Mortimer is currently engaged to write a full-length play concerning William Hunter (aged 19) who was shot for military offences in 1916. Peter hopes to be working with pupils from Norham as part of the development of the play and may be able to involve some pupils in the production planned for September, 2014 which is to be staged at the Linskill Community Centre in North Shields, only a few hundred yards from Hunter’s home in Coronation Street.

The project has plans for a major exhibition of stories of local men and materials collected from relatives and other sources; to be staged over three months starting in July, 2014. This is to be held in the Exhibition Area of the newly refurbished Customer Service Centre and library in Northumberland Square.

The major focus of 2014 for the project will be the launch of the database of biographical data on the almost 2000 casualties of the war, which will be open to public access on the internet from 28^th June, 2014 – the anniversary of the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. This is will be the culmination of more than three years of effort by more than fifty local volunteers, who have painstakingly researched the stories of the men of the town who lost their lives in the war.

The culmination of the coming 12 months will be a public service of commemoration in Northumberland Square on 3^rd August, 2014 – planning for this is now well in hand.

The next in our series of talks will be at the Low Lights Tavern and will take place at 7.30pm on Tuesday 21^st August, 2013, featuring the origins and deployment of the Royal Naval Division.

Tickets – Free – are limited, and can be obtained after 1^st. August, 2013 from the Low Lights Tavern, Keel Row Bookshop, Fenwick Terrace, Preston Road and the Project workroom.

Bloodiest month for town ends with second tragedy for Brook family

The First World War was the first in several hundred years, if ever, to engage the entire population of the country. The incidence of losses however was not something distributed evenly across the four years and four months of the war.

Research by the Tynemouth project shows 145 men killed or died in the month of July, 1916 - about 8% of the total number recorded on the Roll of Honour printed in 1923. That month stands alone in the severity of the losses borne by the community. However, the impact of an average daily death toll of 4 or 5 of the town’s men was tempered by the fact that many died on a single day - the bloodiest day of losses ever for the British Army - on the First of July, 1916; when 19240 were killed and a further 36000 were wounded. Large numbers of those men (78 died from Tynemouth Borough) would be reported as Missing in Action and their deaths not presumed or confirmed until the spring of 1917.

One of the last casualties of July, 1916 was James Edward Blythe Brook, Killed in Action on the 29^th he was the brother of Nevill Brook (KIA – 27^th April, 1915 - see News Guardian 4^th. April 2013). James was studying for the priesthood at St John’s Church of England Theological College in Perth, Western Australia when he learned of his brother’s death in the Second Battle of Ypres. He determined to ‘take his brother’s place at the front’ and left college to enlist in the Australian Imperial Forces in October, 1915.

The Christ Church Parish Magazine noted that their father had been a Collector of Excises for the government but had returned to London with his family (except Nevill) in 1910 -

“We are also deeply pained to have to record the death of Nevill Brook's brother,

Corporal James E. B. Brook, of the Australian Infantry, who was killed in action on July 29th

and who was studying for the ministry at St. John's, Perth, when he enlisted in order to

take the place of his brother who was killed at Ypres last year.”

A former pupil of Tynemouth High School, James was recorded in the School’s Record of Service, from which the photograph featured here was taken.

The next in our series of talks will be given by me at the Low Lights Tavern and will take place at 730pm on Tuesday 21^st August, 2013, featuring the origins and deployment of the Royal Naval Division - in particular the Collingwood Battalions.

Tickets – Free – are limited, and can be obtained after 1^st. August, 2013 from the Low Lights Tavern, Keel Row Bookshop, Fenwick Terrace, Preston Road and the Project workroom.

Stellar line-up for Lecture series

The Tynemouth project has staged a number of very successful talks at the Low Lights Tavern over the past 12 months. Building on that foundation the project has organised a series of free lectures in association with Northumbria University, to be held in central Newcastle at the prestigious Sutherland Building, Northumberland Road at 6pm on eight dates from October, 2013 to May, 2014.

We have been fortunate indeed to secure a line-up of speakers widely-recognised as experts in their specialist fields and all recognised as having particular interest in the history of the Great War.

The first speaker, on 9^th October, will be Professor Sir Hew Strachan, of All Souls College, Oxford. A member of the government’s World War One commemorations planning group, he has firm views on how the war should be remembered and the part played in it by Britain, her Dominions, colonies and allies.

Other speakers include Emeritus Professors Martin Pugh and John Derry of Newcastle University, speaking on Women and the Great War; and Hindenburg and Ludendorff (German commanders), respectively.

John Lewis-Stempl, author of the widely acclaimed book ‘Six Weeks – the short and gallant life of the British officer in the First World War’ will talk on his findings. Dr Edward Madigan historian in residence at the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and Professor Gary Sheffield, soon to take a new chair of WW1 studies at the University of Wolverhampton, will consider courage and valour; and Sir Douglas Haig (British Supreme Commander on the Western front), respectively.

The role of the Royal Navy will be examined by Professor Andrew Lambert of King’s College London, a former lecturer at the Royal Naval Staff College and Sandhurst Military Academy.

Finally Professor Joanna Bourke, of Birkbeck College, London University will examine the aftermath of the war in a lecture entitled ‘Armistice and Disability’.

Details of how to register interest in attending any of these lectures can be found at our website www.tynemouthworldwarone.org We would encourage anyone who would like to hear these acknowledged expert speakers to assist us by registering an interest as soon as possible.

Further details about each event will be provided in this column and on our website as the series progresses. We believe this is a significant programme of lectures and we have been signally successful in attracting such a range of widely recognised persons. All are giving freely of their time to speak to an interested audience not often able to hear such experts outside the capital. This series of lectures is something which emphasises the credibility of the Tynemouth Project nationally, in that we have been able to secure such a range of exceptionally learned speakers.

Meanwhile, our next three talks at the Low Lights Tavern, Brewhouse Bank, Fish Quay will begin with ‘Cruelty and Compassion’ a review of the literature of the Great War, to be given by Mr Ian McArdle at 7.30pm on Tuesday, 30th July, 2013. Tickets – Free – can be obtained from the Low Lights Tavern, Keel Row Bookshop and the Project workroom.

Last year of peace was far from harmonious at home.

99 years ago, on the 28^th June, 1914 an event that would change the world forever, and alter the balance of power and influence across the globe, was recorded as just another example of disaffection in Austria-Hungary, in a small part of the former Ottoman Empire – at Sarajevo, in Bosnia.

In a month the world would be plunged into the most terrible conflict yet seen. However, the common view over many years of a Britain at that time set in a serene position of peace and harmony at home with a dutiful collection of Dominions and colonies overseas is far from the truth of the immediate pre-war years.

In reality, the notion of a long period of Edwardian prosperity and social peace is not supported by the facts of the period. The government of the Liberal Party had to force through legislation to contain the power of the House of Lords to frustrate the Commons (1911). Trades Unions had engaged in some of the most bitter and protracted industrial disputes between 1910 and 1913, while constitutional issues of Irish Home Rule and a possible insurrection in Ireland (formation of the UVF and Ulster Covenant), were troubling the government of HH Asquith. He also had to contend with insistent campaigns for Women’s Votes in Parliamentary elections. So when the crisis in Europe loomed, ending in the declaration of war by Britain against Germany for her invasion and breach of Belgian neutrality, the government and population diverted their attention from some very intractable issues at home and plunged headlong into a war many had long foreseen as inevitable at some point.

The incident in a faraway corner of SE Europe developed into a stand-off between the great power blocs of Europe, with little Serbia on one side supported by Russia and therefore involving France as Russia’s treaty ally, set against Austria- Hungary and Germany (the Central powers – with Italy, who did not join in the conflict immediately and then later only on the Allied side).

By 28^th July, 1914 Serbia had acceded to all but one of Austria’s demands in response to the assassination of the heir to the Austrian Empire, Arch Duke Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo a month before, by Bosnian nationalists and allegedly supported by Serbia.

Austria, encouraged by a militarist administration and army in Germany saw this as the lever to begin a long-planned war to counter perceived threats from the Russian and French power in Europe. War was declared by Austria against Serbia and within days the main nations of Europe were mobilising for war. Britain followed on the 4^th August, after German troops entered Belgium and thus began the greatest conflict to affect the British nation and her colonies.

The Tynemouth Project will mark the forthcoming centenary of the start of that war [2014] and its effects on the population in the coming year in a series of public events and the launch on the internet of the database recording the history of many of the local victims researched over the past three years.

Letter of comfort tells of Jutland disaster

The flow of information to the Tynemouth project continues, with items of interest brought in by relatives of casualties of a conflict 100 years ago. One item produced at the Project workroom recently is a remarkable document which may turn out to be of great significance.

A letter sent to the family of every victim of the loss of HMS Invincible in the crucial naval action at Jutland on 31^st May- 1^st June, 1916, was intended to comfort the more than 1000 families who lost a member in that great engagement which was marked by greater losses in our navy than were inflicted upon the enemy.

HMS Invincible, one of the most powerful ships in the Royal Navy of the time suffered instantaneous destruction when a shell penetrated her armour and set off a fatal explosion in the magazine containing the high explosive charges used to fire her own massive array of guns.

All but 6 of her more than 1000 crew were lost, including Admiral Horace Hood. Some days later a Captain Dannreuther visited Lady Hood and told her of the loss of the ship and his own remarkable escape along with only 5 other men. Thrown from high in one of Invincible’s masts by the fearsome explosion which sent the ship to the bottom in only 10 seconds, Dannreuther’s story was related in a letter sent by Admiral Hood’s widow to the family of every victim; each letter being individually addressed and signed by her. In it she said ‘-and I only hope that this short account will help you as it has helped me’.

15 men on the Tynemouth Roll of Honour were lost at the Jutland battle including

Albert Hold . Only 17 years old, from Eston in the North Riding of Yorkshire, he had been sent to the Training Ship Wellesley moored off North Shields Fish Quay in 1911 aged only 11. He entered the Navy at just 15 in March 1915. The navy did not have restrictions on service at sea in active operations so this young man was one of the victims of the loss of the Invincible after only 13 months as a sailor. His period of forced separation from his family from the age of 11, because he was’ non-compliant’, and short naval career brought a sudden end to what had clearly been a difficult childhood.

We can only wonder what comfort the letter from Lady Hood brought to his mother Martha Hold, a widow in the 1911 census and living at Peel Street in South Bank in1916 at the time of his death - four weeks short of Albert’s 17^th birthday.

Although the letter brought to us relates to William Davey of Byker Bank in Newcastle, we hope to have it available for display at the project exhibition planned for 2014, in the meantime we have alerted the Royal Navy Museum to its existence and are keen to learn whether this is yet one more remarkable and perhaps unique find brought to light by the project’s work.

Alan Fidler

‘Votes for women’ in post-War Britain did not pay the bills

One problem of the aftermath of Great War was how to accommodate the vast ‘army’ of war widows in a rudimentary system of social security; still framed within the concepts of middle class Victorian values.

That war widows were to be held in high esteem was beyond question – they had lost their husbands fighting in a noble cause. Many were left with a number of dependent children and were in need of support – unable to work. The single widows however posed a particular problem as the end of the war approached. With the imposition of the ‘Pre-war measures Act’ – designed by agreement with the male dominated trades unions to force women out of the employment they had enjoyed temporarily whilst men were at the front – it became clear that single widows with a state pension posed a number of threats to the economy.

It had been hoped that the many pre-war domestic servants (dismissed as a luxury) would be re-employed and take up some of the surplus. But the war had changed attitudes irrevocably. The drudgery, long hours and pitiful rewards of domestic service did not attract women who had enjoyed high earnings and consequent freedoms of the booming wartime economy.

The solution was the imposition of a mean-minded system of monitoring to obtain evidence that single widows had forfeited the right to support by behaviour deemed unbecoming of their ‘honoured’ position.

Special committees of the fledgling Ministry of Pensions were established to review the cases of women who came to their attention. Faced by confiscation of their meagre allowances, for ‘immoral or delinquent behaviour’ the situation of these single widows was not comfortable.

Here was a vast group of younger women with years of life ahead of them. Fortunately for the government and a society still dominated by patriarchal middle class values the difficulties of general unemployment meant that many of these young widows found few opportunities open to them – given the restriction of so many occupations to men returning from their ‘heroic’ service at the front.

So, many women, faced with falling foul of the puritanical surveillance of the ‘Boards of Guardians’ opted for re-marriage, often into loveless relationships but acceptance as ‘normal’ members of a society built around a ‘woman’s place in a domestic setting’.

Mary Jane Stagg (formerly Philips) was perhaps one of those who forfeited her widow’s pension on re-marriage (with a gratuity of a lump sum payment) for her re-integration into the norms of a pre-war Edwardian society. Research by the project shows that in June 1919, she was still seeking information about her husband – officially reported killed at Messines Ridge in 1917 but his death not yet confirmed by any witness. With two young children of school age she opted to forego her £1.45 per week widow’s allowance and re-married.

The grant of a vote in the Electoral Reform Act of 1918 was probably of little comfort to her in a society which was busy reasserting male domination of the workplace and relegating women to the home.  

Alan Fidler